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Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
License and Distribution
Introduction
How to use the MIDAS Manual
New Users
Site Specific Features
Support
Other Relevant Documents
Computational Methods
Basic Concepts
Image sampling
Noise distributions
Estimation
Raw to Calibrated Data
Artifacts
Response Calibration
Geometric Corrections
Image Manipulations
Digital Filters
Background Estimates
Transformations
Image Restoration
Extraction of Information
Search Algorithms
Fitting of data
Analysis of Results
Regression Analysis
Statistical Tests
Multivariate Statistical Methods
CCD Reductions
Introduction
Nature of CCD Output
General Overview of the package
Setting, Saving, and Retrieving CCD Keywords
Calibration Frames and Naming Convention
Setting up the Reduction Procedure
Loading the Telescope and Instrument Specifications
Data Retrieval and Organization
The Association Table
Basic Reduction Steps
Preparing Your Calibration Frames
Input and Output
Combining Methods
Combining Bias Frames
Combining Dark Frames
Combining Flat Fields
Combining Sky Frames
Combine Example
Processing the Data
How the Data is Processed
Running REDUCE/CCD
Overscan correction and trimming
Bias, Dark and Flat Field Correction
Additional Processing
Sky Illumination Corrections
Creation of Sky Correction Frames
Illumination Corrected Flat Fields
Fringe correction
Bad Pixel Correction
Mosaicing of Frames
Miscellaneous
Commands in the CCD package
Object Search and Classification
General Information
What Data Frames can be Used?
Procedures to Follow
Preparing Data Frames
Setting the Low and High Cuts
Setting the Keywords used by SEARCH/INV Command
Executing the ANALYSE/INV Command
Setting the Keywords used by the ANALYSE Command
Helpful Hints
In Case of Trouble
The Classification
Description of INVENTORY Keywords
Formats of Tables
Input Table
Intermediate Table
Output Table
Inventory Commands Summary
Crowded Field Photometry
Introduction
Theory
Overview of ROMAFOT
How to use ROMAFOT
Study of the Point Spread Function
SELECT/ROMAFOT
FIT/ROMAFOT
ANALYSE/ROMAFOT
The Interactive Path
FIND/ROMAFOT
ANALYSE/ROMAFOT
FIT/ROMAFOT
ANALYSE/ROMAFOT
ANALYSE/ROMAFOT
The Automatic Path
SKY/ROMAFOT
SEARCH/ROMAFOT
GROUP/ROMAFOT
FIT/ROMAFOT
EXAMINE/ROMAFOT
Registration of the Results
REGISTER/ROMAFOT
Photometry of the Other Program Frames
CBASE/ROMAFOT
CTRANS/ROMAFOT
ADAPT/ROMAFOT
Additional Utilities
DIAPHRAGM/ROMAFOT
RESIDUAL/ROMAFOT
ADDSTAR/ROMAFOT
FCLEAN/ROMAFOT
CHECK/ROMAFOT
Big Pixels
MODEL/ROMAFOT
MFIT/ROMAFOT
Command Syntax Summary
References
Long-Slit and 1D Spectra
Introduction
Photometric Corrections
Detector Non-Linearity
Removing Cosmic Ray Hits
Bias and Dark Subtraction
Flat-Fielding
Geometric Correction
Detecting and Identifying Arc Lines
Getting the Dispersion Solution
Distortion Along the Slit
Resampling the Data
Sky Subtraction
Flux Calibration
Flux Calibration and Extinction Correction
Airmass Calculation
Spectral Analysis
Rebinning and Interpolation
Normalization and Fitting
Convolution and Deconvolution
Other Useful Commands
Auxiliary Data
Command Summary
Parameters
Example
Echelle Spectra
Echelle Reduction Method
Input Data and Preprocessing
Retrieving demonstration and calibration data
General Description
Order Definition
Removal of particle hits
Background Definition
Bivariate polynomial interpolation
Smoothing spline interpolation
Background estimate by filtering
Sky background definition
Order Extraction
Wavelength Calibration
General Description
The Echelle Relation
Estimating the angle of rotation
Identification loop
Resampling and checking the results
Flat Field Correction
Instrument Response Correction
Using a Standard Star
Fitting the Blaze Function
Order Merging
Implementation
The Session Manager
Image Formats
Table Formats
MIDAS Commands
Session Parameters
References
Inter-stellar/galactic Absorption Line Modelling
Introduction
Principle of the Program
Astrophysical Context
Basic Equations
Optical Depth
Broadening Function
Summary of the parameters handled by the user:
Typical Run
Preparation
Initialisation of the Keywords
Creation of the Instrumental Function
Creation of the Input Emission Spectrum
Edition of the Table Containing the Atomic Parameters
Edition of the Table Containing the Cloud Model
Computation of the Output Absorption Spectrum
Auxiliary Data
Description of the Keywords
Format of the table for atomic parameters (ABSP.TBL).
Format of the table for the emission line model (EMI.TBL)
Format of the table for the absorption line model (ABSC.TBL)
Dimensions of the Output Images
References
Example
Acknowledgements
Test Data
Introduction
2--Dimensional Images
Patterns
Backgrounds
1--Dimensional Images (``Spectra'')
Noise
Other Images
Command Syntax Summary
Multivariate Analysis Methods
Introduction
Principal Components Analysis
Cluster Analysis
Discriminant Analysis
Correspondence Analysis
Related Table Commands
References
Command Syntax Summary
DAOPHOT II: The Next Generation
Time Series Analysis
Introduction
Basic principles of time series analysis
Signals and their models
Signal detection
Test statistics
Corrections to the probability distribution
Power of test statistics
Time domain analysis
Presentation and inspection of results
Parameter estimation
Fourier analysis: The sine model
Fourier transforms
The power spectrum and covariance statistics
Sampling patterns
MIDAS utilities for time series analysis
Scope of applications
The TSA environment
Input data format
Output data format
Fourier analysis
Time series analysis in the frequency domain
Analysis in the time domain
Auxiliary utilities
Command summary
Examples
Period analysis
Comparison of two stochastic processes
PEPSYS general photometry package
Introduction
What is needed
How to get it
What to do with it
Getting started
Star tables
ASCII source files
Format files
Manual entry of data
Multiple star files
Standard-star files
Observatory table
Horizon tables
Instrument file
General advice about table files
Planning your observing run
Introduction
Preparing to use the planning program
Using the planning program
Selection criteria
Influencing the plan
Getting the observations
Reducing the observations
Preliminaries
Format conversion
Reductions --- at last!
Robust fits and bad points
Subtraction of dark and sky measurements
Sky models
Using the sky model
Choosing a gradient estimator
Extinction and transformation models
The bias problem
Equations of condition
Strategy
Standard stars
Reduction procedure
Final results
Residual plots
Estimated parameters
Individual data
Logfile output
Table file output
Interpreting the output
Special problems
Missing bands
Nonlinearity
Special systems
Marginal nights
Sky problems
CCD data
Problems with star names
Installation
Table files
Maximum limits
A brief history of PEPSYS
Acknowledgements
Summary of PEPSYS commands
References
The Wavelet Transform
Introduction
The continuous wavelet transform
Examples of Wavelets
Morlet's Wavelet
Mexican Hat
The discrete wavelet transform
Introduction
Multiresolution Analysis
The à trous algorithm
Pyramidal Algorithm
The Laplacian Pyramid
Pyramidal Algorithm with one Wavelet
Multiresolution with scaling functions with a frequency cut-off
The Wavelet transform using the Fourier transform
The Reconstruction
Visualization of the Wavelet Transform
Visualisation of the first class
Visualisation of the second class
Visualisation of the third class
Noise reduction from the wavelet transform
The convolution from the continuous wavelet transform
The Wiener-like filtering in the wavelet space
Hierarchical Wiener filtering
Adaptive filtering from the wavelet transform
Hierarchical adaptive filtering
Comparison using a multiresolution quality criterion
Deconvolution
Introduction
Regularization in the wavelet space
Tikhonov's regularization and multiresolution analysis
Regularization from significant structures
Regularization of Van Cittert's algorithm
Regularization of the one-step gradient method
Regularization of Lucy's algorithm
Convergence
The wavelet context in MIDAS
Introduction
Commands Description
TRANSF/WAVE
RECONS/WAVE
HEADER/WAVE
INFO/WAVE
EXTRAC/WAVE
ENTER/WAVE
VISUAL/WAVE
VISUAL/CUB
VISUAL/CONT
VISUAL/SYNT
VISUAL/PLAN
VISUAL/PERS
FILTER/WAVE
COMPAR/WAVE
PLOT/SNR
PLOT/COR
DIRECT/WAVE
CITTERT/WAVE
GRAD/WAVE
LUCY/WAVE
TUTORIAL/WAVE
TRAN1D/WAVE
REC1D/WAVE
References
The Data Organizer
Introduction
Overview of the Data Organizer
The Observation Summary Table
Mapping of FITS keywords into MIDAS descriptors
The Descriptor Table
Creating The Observation Summary Table
Classification of Images
Creation of the Classification Rules
Classification of images
An example of a Classification Process
Checking the quality of the data using the OST
Association of images
Creation of the Association Rules
An example of selection criteria
Association of Calibration Exposures
Command Syntax Summary
ASTROMET astrometry package
Introduction
Available Commands
ASTROMET/TRANSFORM
ASTROMET/EDIT
ASTROMET/COMPUTE
ASTROMET/POS1
Command Overview
Command Summary
Core Commands
Application Commands
Standard Reduction Commands
ccdred
ccdtest
do
echelle
irac2
irspec
long
optopus
pisco
spec
Contributed Commands
astromet
cloud
daophot
esolv
geotest
invent
mva
pepsys
romafot
surfphot
tsa
Procedure Control Commands
Commands Grouped by Subject
MIDAS System Control
Help and Information
Tape Input and Output
Image Directory and Header
Image Display
Graphics Display
Image Coordinates
Coordinate Transformation of Images
Image Arithmetic
Filtering
Image Creation and Extraction
Transformations on Pixel Values
Numerical Values of Image Pixels
Spectral Analysis
Least Squares Fitting
Table File Operations
Detectors
CCD Detectors
Introduction
Discussion
Reduction Steps
Removing Irrelevant Columns
Bias Corrections
Averaging and Merging Frames
Cleaning Images
Using the COMPUTE Command
Examples and Hints
The Simplest Case
A Case with some Bad Columns
CCD-Commands Summary
CES
Echelle Reduction
Input Data
Auxiliary Data
Starting the MIDAS Session
Reading the Data
Display and graphic windows
On-line help
A few useful commands
Preprocessing
Bias correction
Dark-current and particle hits correction
Standard orientation
Session Parameters
The Reduction Session
Reduction using Standard Stars
Order Definition: Methods STD and COM
Order definition: Method Hough
Wavelength calibration
Background Correction
Flat Field correction
Reduction without Standard Star
Saving the Data on Tape
Instrument Description: CASPEC
Summary of reduction options
XEchelle
Graphical User Interface
Initializing Keywords
Short Help
Sending Commands
On-line HELP facility
Entering File Names
Dialog Windows
Saving and Loading Session Parameters
Performing Batch Reduction
PISCO
Introduction
Data Format
Data Reduction
IRSPEC REDUCTION
Introduction
A typical reduction.
Notes on specific commands
Reduction of Long Slit and 1D Spectra
Introduction
Purpose
Retrieving demonstration and calibration data
A Typical Session: Cook-book
Getting Started
Set the context
Initializing keywords
Reading the Data
Pre-processing the spectra
Getting the Dispersion Solution
Line Detection in the Comparison Spectrum
Line Identification
Determination of the Dispersion Coefficients
Possible Graphical Verifications
Refining the Dispersion Relation
Resampling in Wavelength
Resampling with the Row-by-Row Solution
Resampling with the Bivariate Solution
Not Resampling the Data
Estimating the Sky Background
Extracting the Spectrum
Flux Calibration
End of the Session
XLong
Graphical User Interfaces
Initializing Keywords
Short Help
Sending Commands
On line HELP facility
Entering File Names
Dialog Windows
Getting Started
Saving and Loading Session Parameters
Detecting lines in the comparison (arc) spectrum
Identify the lines in one of the rows of the spectrum
Wavelength calibration
Rebin to wavelength scale
Extract
Flux Calibration
Performing Batch Reduction
Optopus
Introduction
Using the Optopus Package
Starting up
The Optopus session
Closing down
OPTOPUS Commands and Parameters
Optopus commands
Session parameters
File Formats Required for Photometry
Introduction
Stars
Observatory data
Telescope obstruction data
Instrumental data
Observational data
Star tables
Required stellar data
Object name
Right Ascension
Declination
Equinox
Optional stellar data
Proper motions
Spectral types
Rough magnitudes
Comment column
Standard values
Moving objects
UT date --- column label: DATE
MJD --- column label: MJD_OBS
Permanent telescope parameters
Column label: TELESCOP
Column label: DIAM
Column label: LON
Column label: LAT
Column label: HEIGHT
Column label: TUBETYPE
Column label: TUBEDIAM
Column label: TUBELEN
Column label: DOMETYPE
Column label: DOMEDIAM
Column label: SLITWID
Horizon obstructions
Getting the data
Descriptor for the ``horizon'' table
MOUNTING= 'FORK'
Column label: DEC
Column label: OBSE
Column label: MOONE
Column label: OBSW
Column label: MOONW
MOUNTING= 'GERMAN'
Column label: DEC
Column label: TEOBSE
Column label: TEMOONE
Column label: TEOBSW
Column label: TEMOONW
Column label: TWOBSE
Column label: TWMOONE
Column label: TWOBSW
Column label: TWMOONW
Special remarks on German mountings
MOUNTING= 'ALTAZ'
Column label: AZI
Column label: OBSALT
Column label: MOONALT
Instrument configuration and run-specific information
Storage format
General instrumental information
Passbands
Columns BAND and NBAND
Column FILTCODE_ n
Column NDVALUE
Column NDETUSED
Columns REDLEAK, RLTYPE, and MAKER
Instrument descriptors
Filter descriptors
Descriptor NFILTCAR
Character descriptor FILTCAT
Character descriptor FILTSTAT
Detectors
Columns NDET and DETNAME
Column DETCODE
Column DET
Photomultipliers: DET= PMT
Column COOLING
Silicon photodiodes and CCDs: DET= SILICON
Other detectors: DET= OTHER
Telescope optics
Sample instrument files
A simple photometer
A modern single-channel photometer
A modern two-channel photometer
CCD photometry
Observational data
Required observational data
What was the measurement?
What was measured?
Bandpass and detector identification
Timing information
Comment field
Additional information
Temperature and humidity data
Pressure
Measuring aperture
PMT Voltage
Gain steps
Geneva parameters
Seeing
Error estimates
References
IRAC2 Online and Off-line Reductions
Introduction
Online Reduction
The OST table
Online Commands
Off-line Reduction
Bad Pixel Detection and Removal
Construction of Flat Fields
Standard construction
Alternative construction
Sky Subtraction
Flat Fielding
Combining Images
Mosaicing
Further Off-line Analysis
Commands in the IRAC2 package
Testing CCD Performance
Introduction
Test Commands
TESTBA/CCD
TESTFA/CCD
TESTTA/CCD
TESTD/CCD
TESTS/CCD
TESTC/CCD
Commands in the CCD test package
Multi-Object Spectroscopy
Introduction
Location of slitlets and flat-field correction
Wavelength Calibration
Detection of Arc lines
Fitting the dispersion curve
Definition of objects, sky subtraction and extraction of objects
Data Structures
Tables
Starting the whole thing
Locating slitlets and flat-field correction
Wavelength calibration
Line search and interactive identification
Wavelength calibration
Rebinning
Sky subtraction and object extraction
About this document ...
Rein Warmels
Mon Jan 22 15:08:15 MET 1996