Appendix 2: Solar System Extrema

The Largest

The composite above shows the Sun and the 5 largest planets at a scale of 3200 km/pixel. (Earth is the tiny spot between Jupiter and the Sun).

This composite shows Earth and the remaining 11 large solar system objects at a scale of 100 km/pixel.

                   Distance   Radius    Mass
 Name       Orbits (000 km)    (km)     (kg)
---------  ------- --------  -------  -------
Sun                           697000  1.99e30
Jupiter    Sun       778000    71492  1.90e27
Saturn     Sun      1429000    60268  5.69e26
Uranus     Sun      2870990    25559  8.69e25 *
Neptune    Sun      4504300    24764  1.02e26 *
Earth      Sun       149600     6378  5.98e24
Venus      Sun       108200     6052  4.87e24
Mars       Sun       227940     3398  6.42e23
Ganymede   Jupiter     1070     2631  1.48e23 +
Titan      Saturn      1222     2575  1.35e23 +
Mercury    Sun        57910     2439  3.30e23 +
Callisto   Jupiter     1883     2400  1.08e23
Io         Jupiter      422     1815  8.93e22
Moon       Earth        384     1738  7.35e22
Europa     Jupiter      671     1569  4.80e22
Triton     Neptune      355     1353  2.14e22
Pluto      Sun      5913520     1160  1.32e22

*Note: Neptune is slightly denser than Uranus.

+Note: Mercury is much denser than Ganymede and Titan.

The Brightest

                   Distance   Radius
 Name       Orbits (000 km)    (km)     Vo *
---------  ------- --------  -------   ---
Sun        ?              0   697000 -26.8
Moon       Earth        384     1738 -12.7
Venus      Sun       108200     6052  -4.4 
Jupiter    Sun       778000    71492  -2.7 
Mars       Sun       227940     3398  -2.0 
Mercury    Sun        57910     2439  -1.9 
Saturn     Sun      1429000    60268   0.7 
Ganymede   Jupiter     1070     2631   4.6 
Io         Jupiter      422     1815   5.0 
Europa     Jupiter      671     1569   5.3 
Uranus     Sun      2870990    25559   5.5 
Callisto   Jupiter     1883     2400   5.6 

*Note: Vo = Object's magnitude in visible light at opposition.

Note: Comets are often quite bright during their brief passage near the Sun.

Warning: Do NOT look directly at the Sun. Looking directly at the Sun can cause severe eye damage; doing so with binoculars or a telescope will cause instantaneous and permanent blindness.

The Densest

           Radius    Mass
Name        (km)     (kg)   Dens *
--------- -------  -------  ----
Earth        6378  5.97e24  5.52
Mercury      2439  3.30e23  5.42
Venus        6052  4.87e24  5.26
Adrastea       10  1.91e16  4.5 
Mars         3398  6.42e23  3.94
Io           1815  8.93e22  3.53
Moon         1738  7.35e22  3.34
Elara          38  7.77e17  3.3 
Sinope         18  7.77e16  3.1 
Lysithea       18  7.77e16  3.1 
Europa       1569  4.80e22  3.01

*Note: Density is in grams per cubic centimeter.

Note: Data for the smaller satellites are not very accurate.

There are also many dense asteroids, especially the M-types.

The Best Prospects for Life

     Name  Why
---------  -------
Earth      :-)
Mars       most Earth-like; more so in the past
Europa     may have liquid water
Titan      complex chemistry and liquids likely
Enceladus  may have liquid water
Io         complex chemistry, warmer than most
Jupiter    long shot: warm, plenty of organic material

Recent evidence of water on Mars notwithstanding, all of this remains very speculative. None of these prospects are really very good. Good arguments can be made why life (at least life as we know it) cannot exist on any of these bodies. (More about life on Europa.) But even if no life exists on other bodies in our solar system, it seem to be likely that there's probably life elsewhere in our galaxy. There are good arguments on both sides of that issue, however, the only things most scientists agree upon are that we just don't know and that more evidence is needed.