Contents

• Synopsis
• Description
• Examples
• Options
• Image Segmentation
• Environment
• Copyright
• Authors

Synopsis

convert [ options ... ] input_file output_file

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Description

Convert converts an input file using one image format to an output file with a differing image format. In addition, various types of image processing can be performed on the converted image during the conversion process. Convert recognizes the following image formats:

AVS - AVS X image file.

BIE+ - Joint Bi-level Image experts Group file interchange format.

BMP+ - Microsoft Windows bitmap image file.

BMP24+ - Microsoft Windows 24-bit bitmap image file.

CGM - Computer Graphics Metafile.

CMYK - Raw cyan, magenta, yellow, and black bytes.

DCX+ - ZSoft IBM PC multi-page Paintbrush file.

DIB - Microsoft Windows bitmap image file.

EPS - Adobe Encapsulated PostScript file.

EPS2 - Adobe Level II Encapsulated PostScript file.

EPSF - Adobe Encapsulated PostScript file.

EPSI - Adobe Encapsulated PostScript Interchange format.

FAX+ - Group 3.

FIG - TransFig image format.

FITS - Flexible Image Transport System.

FPX - FlashPix Format.

GIF - CompuServe graphics interchange format; 8-bit color.

GIF87 - CompuServe graphics interchange format; 8-bit color (version 87a).

GRAY - Raw gray bytes.

GRADATION - gradual passing from one shade to another. Specify the desired shading with the filename (e.g. gradation:red-blue).

GRANITE - granite texture.

HDF+ - Hierarchical Data Format.

HISTOGRAM

HTML - Hypertext Markup Language a with client-side image map.

JBIG+ - Joint Bi-level Image experts Group file interchange format.

JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group JFIF format; compressed 24-bit color.

MAP - colormap intensities and indices.

MATTE - Raw matte bytes.

MIFF+ - Magick image file format.

MNG - Multiple-image Network Graphics.

MONO - Bi-level bitmap in least-significant-byte (LSB) first order.

MPEG+ - Motion Picture Experts Group file interchange format.

MTV+ -

NETSCAPE - Netscape 216 color cube.

NULL - NULL image.

PBM+ - Portable bitmap format (black and white).

PCD - Photo CD. The maximum resolution written is 512x768 pixels.

PCL - Page Control Language.

PCX - ZSoft IBM PC Paintbrush file.

PDF+ - Portable Document Format.

PGM+ - Portable graymap format (gray scale).

PICT - Apple Macintosh QuickDraw/PICT file.

PLASMA - plasma fractal image. Specify the base color as the filename (e.g. plasma:gray). Use fractal to initialize to a random value (e.g. plasma:fractal).

PNG - Portable Network Graphics.

PNM+ - Portable anymap.

PPM+ - Portable pixmap format (color).

PS+ - Adobe PostScript file.

PS2+ - Adobe Level II PostScript file.

RAD - Radiance image file.

RGB - Raw red, green, and blue bytes.

RGBA - Raw red, green, blue, and matte bytes.

RLA - Alias/Wavefront image file; read only.

RLE - Utah Run length encoded image file; read only.

SGI+ - Irix RGB image file.

SHTML - Hypertext Markup Language a with client-side image map.

SUN+ - SUN Rasterfile.

TEXT - raw text file; read only.

TGA+ - Truevision Targa image file.

TIFF+ - Tagged Image File Format.

TIFF24+ - 24-bit Tagged Image File Format.

TILE - tile image with a texture.

UIL - X-Motif UIL table.

VICAR - read only.

VID - Visual Image Directory.

VIFF+ - Khoros Visualization image file.

X - select image from X server screen.

XC - constant image of X server color. Specify the image color as the filename (e.g. xc:yellow).

XBM - X Windows system bitmap, black and white only.

XPM - X Windows system pixmap file (color).

XWD - X Windows system window dump file (color).

YUV+ - CCIR 601 4:1:1 file.

Support for some of these formats require additional programs or libraries. README tells where to find this software.

Note, a format delineated with + means that if more than one image is specified, it is combined into a single multi-image file. Use +adjoin if you want a single image produced for each frame.

Raw images are expected to have one byte per pixel unless ImageMagick is compiled in 16-bit mode. Here, the raw data is expected to be stored two bytes per pixel in most-significant-byte-first order.

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Examples

To convert a MIFF image of a cockatoo to a SUN raster image, use:

convert cockatoo.miff sun:cockatoo.ras

To convert a multi-page PostScript document to individual FAX pages, use:

convert -monochrome document.ps fax:page

To convert a TIFF image to a PostScript A4 page with the image in the lower left-hand corner, use:

convert -page A4+0+0 image.tiff document.ps

To convert a raw Gray image with a 128 byte header to a portable graymap, use:

convert -size 768x512+128 gray:raw image.pgm

To convert a Photo CD image to a TIFF image, use:

convert -size 1536x1024 img0009.pcd image.tiff

convert img0009.pcd[4] image.tiff

To create a visual image directory of all your JPEG images, use:

convert 'vid:*.jpg' directory.miff

To annotate an image with blue text using font 12x24 at position (100,100), use:

convert -font 12x24 -pen blue -draw "text 100,100 Cockatoo" bird.jpg bird.miff

To tile a 640x480 image with a JPEG texture with bumps use:

convert -size 640x480 tile:bumps.jpg tiled.png

To surround an icon with an ornamental border to use with Mosaic(1), use:

convert -mattecolor #697B8F -frame 6x6 bird.jpg icon.png

To create a GIF animation from a DNA molecule sequence, use:

convert -delay 20 dna.* dna.gif

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Options

-adjoin

join images into a single multi-image file.

By default, all images of an image sequence are stored in the same file. However, some formats (e.g. JPEG) do not support more than one image and are saved to separate files. Use +adjoin to force this behavior.

-average

average a set of images.

-blur factor

blurs an image. Specify factor as the percent enhancement (0.0 - 99.9%).

-border <width>x<height>

surround the image with a border of color. See X(1) for details about the geometry specification.

The color of the border is obtained from the X server and is defined as bordercolor (class borderColor). See X(1) for details.

-box color

set the color of the annotation bounding box. See -draw for further details.

-charcoal factor

simulate a charcoal drawing.

See \fBX(1)\fP for details about the color specification.

-colorize value

colorize the image with the pen color.

Specify the amount of colorization as a percentage. You can apply separate colorization values to the red, green, and blue channels of the image with a colorization value list delineated with slashes (e.g. 0/0/50).

-colors value

preferred number of colors in the image.

The actual number of colors in the image may be less than your request, but never more. Note, this is a color reduction option. Images with less unique colors than specified with this option will have any duplicate or unused colors removed. Refer to quantize for more details.

Note, options -dither, -colorspace, and -treedepth affect the color reduction algorithm.

-colorspace value

the type of colorspace: GRAY, OHTA, RGB, Transparent, XYZ, YCbCr, YIQ, YPbPr, YUV, or CMYK.

Color reduction, by default, takes place in the RGB color space. Empirical evidence suggests that distances in color spaces such as YUV or YIQ correspond to perceptual color differences more closely than do distances in RGB space. These color spaces may give better results when color reducing an image. Refer to quantize for more details.

The Transparent color space behaves uniquely in that it preserves the matte channel of the image if it exists.

The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this option to take effect.

-comment string

annotate an image with a comment.

By default, each image is commented with its file name. Use this option to assign a specific comment to the image. Optionally you can include the image filename, type, width, height, or scene number by embedding special format characters. Embed %f for filename, %d for directory, %e for filename extention, %t for top of filename, %m for magick, %w for width, %h for height, %s for scene number, or \n for newline. For example,

  -comment "%m:%f %wx%h"

produces an image comment of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.

If the first character of string is @, the image comment is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.

-compress type

the type of image compression: None, JPEG, LZW, RunlengthEncoded or Zip.

Specify +compress to store the binary image in an uncompressed format. The default is the compression type of the specified image file.

-contrast

enhance or reduce the image contrast.

This option enhances the intensity differences between the lighter and darker elements of the image. Use -contrast to enhance the image or +contrast to reduce the image contrast.

-crop <width>{%}x<height>{%}{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>

preferred size and location of the cropped image. See X(1) for details about the geometry specification.

To specify a percentage width or height instead, append %. For example to crop the image by ten percent on all sides of the image, use -crop 10%.

Use cropping to apply image processing options to, or display, a particular area of an image. Use -crop 0x0 to remove edges that are the background color. Omit the x and y offset to generate one or more subimages of a uniform size.

-cycle amount

displace image colormap by amount.

Amount defines the number of positions each colormap entry is shifted.

-delay <1/100ths of a second>

display the next image after pausing.

This option is useful for regulating the animation of GIF images within Netscape.. 1/100ths of a second must expire before the display of the next image. The default is no delay between each showing of the image sequence. The maximum delay is 65535.

-density <width>x<height>

vertical and horizontal resolution in pixels of the image.

This option specifies an image density when decoding a PostScript or Portable Document page. The default is 72 dots per inch in the horizontal and vertical direction. This option is used in concert with -page.

-despeckle

reduce the speckles within an image.

-display host:display[.screen]

specifies the X server to contact. This option is used with convert for obtaining image or font from this X server. see X(1).

-dispose method

GIF disposal method.

Here are the valid methods:

  0     No disposal specified.
  1     Do not dispose.      
  2     Restore to background color.
  3     Restore to previous.

-dither

apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image.

The basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity resolution for spatial resolution by averaging the intensities of several neighboring pixels. Images which suffer from severe contouring when reducing colors can be improved with this option.

The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this option to take effect.

-draw string

annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives.

Use this option to annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives. The primitives include

  point
  line
  rectangle
  fillRectangle
  circle
  fillCircle
  polygon
  fillPolygon
  color
  matte
  text
  image

Point, line, color, matte, text, and image each require a single coordinate. Line requires a start and end coordinate, while rectangle expects an upper left and lower right coordinate. Circle has a center coordinate and a coordinate on the outer edge. Finally, polygon requires three or more coordinates defining its boundaries. Coordinates are integers separated by an optional comma. For example, to define a circle centered at 100,100 that extends to 150,150 use:

  -draw 'circle 100,100 150,150'

Use color to change the color of a pixel. Follow the pixel coordinate with a method:

  point
  replace
  floodfill
  reset

Consider the target pixel as that specified by your coordinate. The point method recolors the target pixel. The replace method recolors any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel. Floodfill recolors any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel and is a neighbor. Finally, reset recolors all pixels.

Use matte to the change the pixel matte value to transparent. Follow the pixel coordinate with a method (see the color primitive for a description of methods). The point method changes the matte value of the target pixel. The replace method changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel. Floodfill changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel and is a neighbor. Finally reset changes the matte value of all pixels.

Use text to annotate an image with text. Follow the text coordinates with a string. If the string has embedded spaces, enclose it in double quotes. Optionally you can include the image filename, type, width, height, or scene number by embedding special format characters. Embed %f for filename, %d for directory, %e for filename extention, %t for top of filename, %m for magick, %w for width, %h for height, %s for scene number, or \n for newline. For example,

     -draw 'text 100,100 "%m:%f %wx%h"'

annotates the image with MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.

Use image to composite an image with another image. Follow the image coordinates with the filename of an image.

If the first character of string is @, the text is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.

You can set the primitive color, font color, and font bounding box color with -pen, -font, and -box respectively. Options are processed in command line order so be sure to use -pen before the -draw option.

-edge factor

detect edges within an image. Specify factor as the percent enhancement (0.0 - 99.9%).

-enhance

apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image.

-equalize

perform histogram equalization to the image.

-flip

create a "mirror image" by reflecting the scanlines in the vertical direction.

-flop

create a "mirror image" by reflecting the image scanlines in the horizontal direction.

-font name

use this font when annotating the image with text.

Convert contacts an X server to obtain the font. If an X server is not available (e.g. screen locked), a Postscript font is used instead. You can set the pointsize with -pointsize.

-frame <width>x<height+<outer bevel width>+<inne r bevel width>

surround the image with an ornamental border. See X(1) for details about the geometry specification.

The color of the border is specified with the -mattecolor command line option.

-gamma value

level of gamma correction.

The same color image displayed on two different workstations may look different due to differences in the display monitor. Use gamma correction to adjust for this color difference. Reasonable values extend from 0.8 to 2.3.

You can apply separate gamma values to the red, green, and blue channels of the image with a gamma value list delineated with slashes (i.e. 1.7,2.3,1.2).

-geometry <width>{%}x<height>{%}{!}{<}{>}

preferred size and location of the Image window. See X(1) for details about the geometry specification. By default, the window size is the image size and the location is chosen by you when it is mapped.

By default, the width and height are maximum values. That is, the image is expanded or contracted to fit the width and height value while maintaining the aspect ratio of the image. Append an exclamation point to the geometry to force the image size to exactly the size you specify. For example, if you specify 640x480! the image width is set to 640 pixels and height to 480. If only one factor is specified, both the width and height assume the value.

To specify a percentage width or height instead, append %. The image size is multiplied by the width and height percentages to obtain the final image dimensions. To increase the size of an image, use a value greater than 100 (e.g. 125%). To decrease an image's size, use a percentage less than 100.

Use > to change the dimensions of the image only if its size exceeds the geometry specification. < resizes the image only if its dimensions is less than the geometry specification. For example, if you specify 640x480> and the image size is 512x512, the image size does not change. However, if the image is 1024x1024, it is resized to 640x480.

Use < to change the dimensions of the image only if its size exceeds the geometry specification. > resizes the image only if its dimensions is less than the geometry specification. For example, if you specify 640x480> and the image size is 512x512, the image size does not change. However, if the image is 1024x1024, it is resized to 640x480.

There are 72 pixels per inch in PostScript coordinates.

-implode factor

implode image pixels about the center. Specify factor as the percent implosion (0 - 99.9%) or explosion (-99.9 - 0%).

-interlace type

the type of interlacing scheme: None, Line, Plane, or Partition. The default is None.

This option is used to specify the type of interlacing scheme for raw image formats such as RGB or YUV. None means do not interlace (RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB...), Line uses scanline interlacing (RRR...GGG...BBB...RRR...GGG...BBB...), and Plane uses plane interlacing (RRRRRR...GGGGGG...BBBBBB...). Partition is like plane except the different planes are saved to individual files (e.g. image.R, image.G, and image.B).

Use Line, or Plane to create an interlaced GIF or progressive JPEG image.

-label name

assign a label to an image.

Use this option to assign a specific label to the image. Optionally you can include the image file- name, type, width, height, or scene number in the label by embedding special format characters. Embed %f for filename, %d for directory, %e for filename extention, %t for top of filename, %m for magick, %w for width, %h for height, %s for scene number, or \n for newline. For example,

-label "%m:%f %wx%h"

produces an image label of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.

If the first character of string is @, the image label is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.

When converting to PostScript, use this option to specify a header string to print above the image. Specify the label font with -font.

-linewidth value

set the width of a line. See -draw for further details.

-loop iterations

add Netscape loop extension to your GIF animation.

A value other than zero forces the animation to repeat itself up to iterations times.

-map filename

choose a particular set of colors from this image.

By default, color reduction chooses an optimal set of colors that best represent the original image. Alternatively, you can choose a particular set of colors from an image file with this option. Use +map to reduce all images provided on the command line to a single optimal set of colors that best represent all the images.

-matte

store matte channel if the image has one.

-modulate value

vary the brightness, saturation, and hue of an image.

Specify the percent change in brightness, the color saturation, and the hue separated by commas. For example, to increase the color brightness by 20% and decrease the color saturation by 10% and leave the hue unchanged, use: -modulate 20/-10.

-monochrome

transform the image to black and white.

-negate

apply color inversion to image.

The red, green, and blue intensities of an image are negated. Use +negate to only negate the grayscale pixels of the image.

-noise

add or reduce noise in an image.

The principal function of noise peak elimination filter is to smooth the objects within an image without losing edge information and without creating undesired structures. The central idea of the algorithm is to replace a pixel with its next neighbor in value within a 3 x 3 window, if this pixel has been found to be noise. A pixel is defined as noise if and only if this pixel is a maximum or minimum within the 3 x 3 window.

Use +noise followed by a noise type to add noise to an image. Choose from these noise types:

    uniform
    gaussian
    multiplicative
    impulse
    laplacian
    poisson

-normalize

transform image to span the full range of color values.

This is a contrast enhancement technique.

-opaque color change this color to the pen color within the image.

See -pen for more details.

-page <width>{%}x<height>{%}{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>{!}{<}{>}

size and location of an image canvas.

Use this option to specify the dimensions of the PostScript page in dots per inch or a TEXT page in pixels. The choices for a Postscript page are:

   Letter      612x 792
   Tabloid     792x1224
   Ledger     1224x 792
   Legal       612x1008
   Statement   396x 612
   Executive   540x 720
   A3          842x1190
   A4          595x 842
   A5          420x 595
   B4          729x1032
   B5          516x 729
   Folio       612x 936
   Quarto      610x 780
   10x14       720x1008

For convenience you can specify the page size by media (e.g. A4, Ledger, etc.). Otherwise, -page behaves much like -geometry (e.g. -page letter+43+43>).

To position a GIF image, use -page {+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset> (e.g. -page +100+200). For a Postscript page, the image is sized as in -geometry and positioned relative to the lower left hand corner of the page by {+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>. The default is to center the image within the page. If the image size exceeds the Postscript page, it is reduced to fit the page.

The default page dimensions for a TEXT image is 612x792.

This option is used in concert with -density.

-paint radius

simulate an oil painting.

Each pixel is replaced by the most frequent color in a circular neighborhood whose width is specified with radius.

-pen color

set the color of the font or opaque color. See -draw for further details.

See X(1) for details about the color specification.

-pointsize value

pointsize of the Postscript font.

-quality value

JPEG quality setting.

Quality is 0 (worst) to 100 (best). The default is 75.

-raise <width>x<height>

lighten or darken image edges to create a 3-D effect. See X(1) for details about the geometry specification.

Use -raise to create a raised effect, otherwise use +raise.

-region <width>x<height>{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>

apply options to a portion of the image.

By default, any command line options are applied to the entire image. Use -region to restrict operations to a particular area of the image.

-roll {+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>

roll an image vertically or horizontally. See X(1) for details about the geometry specification.

A negative x offset rolls the image left-to-right. A negative y offset rolls the image top-to-bottom.

-rotate degrees{<}{>}

apply Paeth image rotation to the image.

Use > to rotate the image only if its width exceeds the height. < rotates the image only if its width is less than the height. For example, if you specify -90> and the image size is 480x640, the image is not rotated by the specified angle. However, if the image is 640x480, it is rotated by -90 degrees.

Empty triangles left over from rotating the image are filled with the color defined as bordercolor (class borderColor). See X(1) for details.

-sample geometry

scale image with pixel sampling. See -geometry for details about the geometry specification.

-scene value

image scene number.

-seed value

pseudo-random number generator seed value.

-segment <cluster threshold>x<smoothing threshold>

segment an image by analyzing the histograms of the color components and identifying units that are homogeneous with the fuzzy c-means technique.

Specify cluster threshold as the number of pixels in each cluster must exceed the the cluster threshold to be considered valid. Smoothing threshold eliminates noise in the second derivative of the histogram. As the value is increased, you can expect a smoother second derivative. The default is 1.5. See Image Segmentation for details.

-shade <azimuth>x<elevation>

shade the image using a distant light source.

Specify azimuth and elevation as the position of the light source. Use +shade to return the shading results as a grayscale image. image.

-sharpen factor

sharpen an image. Specify factor as the percent enhancement (0.0 - 99.9%).

-shear <x degrees>x<y degrees>

shear the image along the X or Y axis by a positive or negative shear angle.

Shearing slides one edge of an image along the X or Y axis, creating a parallelogram. An X direction shear slides an edge along the X axis, while a Y direction shear slides an edge along the Y axis. The amount of the shear is controlled by a shear angle. For X direction shears, x degrees is measured relative to the Y axis, and similarly, for Y direction shears y degrees is measured relative to the X axis.

Empty triangles left over from shearing the image are filled with the color defined as bordercolor (class borderColor). See X(1) for details.

-size <width>{%}x<height>{%}{+offset}{!}

width and height of the image.

Use this option to specify the width and height of raw images whose dimensions are unknown such as GRAY, RGB, or CMYK. In addition to width and height, use -size to skip any header information in the image or tell the number of colors in a MAP image file, (e.g. -size 640x512+256).

For Photo CD images, choose from these sizes:

   192x128
   384x256
   768x512
   1536x1024
   3072x2048

Finally, use this option to choose a particular resolution layer of a JBIG or JPEG image (e.g. -size 1024x768).

-solarize factor

negate all pixels above the threshold level. Specify factor as the percent threshold of the intensity (0 - 99.9%).

This option produces a solarization effect seen when exposing a photographic film to light during the development process.

-spread amount

displace image pixels by a random amount.

Amount defines the size of the neighborhood around each pixel to choose a candidate pixel to swap.

-swirl degrees

swirl image pixels about the center.

Degrees defines the tightness of the swirl.

-transparency color

make this color transparent within the image.

-texture filename

name of texture to tile onto the image background.

-threshold value

threshold the image.

Create a bi-level image such that any pixel intensity that is equal or exceeds the threshold is reassigned the maximum intensity otherwise the minimum intensity.

-treedepth value

Normally, this integer value is zero or one. A zero or one tells display to choose a optimal tree depth for the color reduction algorithm.

An optimal depth generally allows the best representation of the source image with the fastest computational speed and the least amount of memory. However, the default depth is inappropriate for some images. To assure the best representation, try values between 2 and 8 for this parameter. Refer to quantize for more details.

The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this option to take effect.

-undercolor <undercolor factor>x<black-generation factor>

control undercolor removal and black generation on CMYK images.

This option enables you to perform undercolor removal and black generation on CMYK images-- images to be printed on a four-color printing system. You can con- trol how much cyan, magenta, and yellow to remove from your image and how much black to add to it. The stan- dard undercolor removal is 1.0x1.0. You'll frequently get better results, though, if the percentage of black you add to your image is slightly higher than the per- centage of C, M, and Y you remove from it. For example you might try 0.5x0.7.

-verbose

print detailed information about the image.

This information is printed: image scene number; image name; image size; the image class (DirectClass or PseudoClass); the total number of unique colors; and the number of seconds to read and transform the image. Refer to miff for a description of the image class.

If -colors is also specified, the total unique colors in the image and color reduction error values are printed. Refer to quantize for a description of these values.

-wave <amplitude>x<wavelength>

alter an image along a sine wave.

Specify amplitude and wavelength to effect the characteristics of the wave.

Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on the command line remains in effect until it is explicitly changed by specifying the option again with a different effect.

Change '-' to '+' in any option above to reverse its effect. For example, specify +matte to store the image without its matte channel.

By default, the image format is determined by its magic number. To specify a particular image format, precede the filename with an image format name and a colon (i.e. ps:image) or specify the image type as the filename suffix

When you specify X as your image type, the filename has special meaning. It specifies an X window by id, name, or root. If no filename is specified, the window is selected by clicking the mouse in the desired window.

Specify input_file as - for standard input, output_file as - for standard output. If input_file has the extension .Z or .gz, the file is uncompressed with uncompress or gunzip respectively. If output_file has the extension .Z or .gz, the file size is compressed using with compress or gzip respectively. Finally, precede the image file name with | to pipe to or from a system command.

Use an optional index enclosed in brackets after a file name to specify a desired subimage of a multi-resolution image format like Photo CD (e.g. img0001.pcd[4]) or a range for MPEG images (e.g. video.mpg[50-75]). A subimage specification can be disjoint (e.g. image.tiff[2,7,4]). For raw images, specify a subimage with a geometry (e.g. -size 640x512 image.rgb[320x256+50+50]).

Single images are written with the filename you specify. However, multi-part images (i.e. a multi-page PostScript document with +adjoin specified) are written with the filename followed by a period (.) and the scene number. You can change this behavior by embedding a printf format specification in the file name. For example,

image%02d.miff

converts files image00.miff, image01.miff, etc.

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Image Segmentation

Use -segment to segment an image by analyzing the histograms of the color components and identifying units that are homogeneous with the fuzzy c-means technique. The scale-space filter analyzes the histograms of the three color components of the image and identifies a set of classes. The extents of each class is used to coarsely segment the image with thresholding. The color associated with each class is determined by the mean color of all pixels within the extents of a particular class. Finally, any unclassified pixels are assigned to the closest class with the fuzzy c-means technique.

The fuzzy c-Means algorithm can be summarized as follows:

• Build a histogram, one for each color component of the image.

• For each histogram, successively apply the scale- space filter and build an interval tree of zero crossings in the second derivative at each scale. Analyze this scale-space ``fingerprint'' to determine which peaks or valleys in the histogram are most predominant.

• The fingerprint defines intervals on the axis of the histogram. Each interval contains either a minima or a maxima in the original signal. If each color component lies within the maxima interval, that pixel is considered ``classified'' and is assigned an unique class number.

• Any pixel that fails to be classified in the above thresholding pass is classified using the fuzzy c-Means technique. It is assigned to one of the classes discovered in the histogram analysis phase.

The fuzzy c-Means technique attempts to cluster a pixel by finding the local minima of the generalized within group sum of squared error objective function. A pixel is assigned to the closest class of which the fuzzy membership has a maximum value.

For additional information see:

Young Won Lim, Sang Uk Lee, "On The Color Image Segmentation Algorithm Based on the Thresholding and the Fuzzy c-Means Techniques", Pattern Recognition, Volume 23, Number 9, pages 935-952, 1990.

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Environment

DISPLAY

To get the default host, display number, and screen.

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Copyright

Copyright 1997 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this software and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company makes no representations about the suitability of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.

E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company disclaims all warranties with regard to this software, including all implied warranties of merchantability and fitness, in no event shall E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company be liable for any special, indirect or consequential damages or any damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits, whether in an action of contract, negligence or other tortious action, arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of this software.

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Authors

John Cristy, cristy@mystic.es.dupont.com E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company Incorporated.

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Image manipulation software that works like magic.